The path of technology development in Iran is embedded in a rentier society. This paper aims to introduce, first, the concept of rentier paradigm and its impact on the mechanism of selection, variation and self-replication and then show how this paradigm leads to a bifocal innovation system in which a dynamic and integrated sub-system of strategic dual use innovation system juxtaposes with a fragmented and inactive one in the civilian sector. This paper concludes that the persistent bifocality of the innovation system causes VICIOUS cycles, which create the phenomena of "lock-in" and transition system failures and sustains the underdevelopment of the economy.

Bradley mentions a VICIOUS circle according to which any theory that considers external things as units composed of plural components are deficient. Since most tropists maintain that the minute things are composed of coexisting trops, Bradley’s VICIOUS circle covers tropism as well. Mavrin holds that Bradley’s view on how the relationship exists is wrong, and that the relationship is something with an existential dependence on its surroundings; and she has, thus, resolved Bradley’s VICIOUS circle. However, based on a reading of Allama Tabatabai’s analysis in the discussion on existence of a connection, one may criticize Mavrin and consider a mutual dependence between the relationship and its surroundings. Besides, although Mavrin’s view resolves Bradley’s VICIOUS circle, it seems to be inconsistent with tropism theory. In this article, after a brief look at tropism, we mention Bradley’s VICIOUS circle and explain it for the theory of tropism. Then, we mention Mavrin’s solution and review it to defend the view of internal and mutual dependence between the relationship and its surroundings.

It is said about new forms of thinking following after the sensual and intuitive cognition, along with the rules of proper contemplation, abstraction, determination, classification (division), opinions etc. in Aristotle’ s “ Logic” . We realize the things with the sensual (whether outer or inner) and intuitive cognition, and reproduce then their general speculative images in our imagination by means of abstractions with a help of ideas of them. After that we are giving them a “ notion” which is a deduction. Finally, we are justifying these notions. In other words, this justifying is one of the forms of thinking. The justifying itself is divided into two parts which are the simple and the complex ones. The mostly wide spread simple forms are “ straight” reasoning and “ predicative syllogisms with common term” . The ways of getting those deductions in various ways have been being in focus of attention through the ages. There is a number of general and specific conditions to obtain the deductions of syllogisms. These conditions had been accounted in advance by logicians basing on the concrete methods. These conditions are addressed to when it is necessary to express a certain thought by means of syllogisms. If the justifying is within these conditions the deduction of syllogism will be ready. But as far as a number of conditions is large enough it is difficult to keep in mind all of them. More over, sometimes, because of too large number of prepositions for syllogism one has to make a personal deduction. By this reason one of those methods – the Eyler method in particular – is considered in present article. A special mathematic form of logical analogy and induction of predicative conclusions is represented in the article as well. Also the geometric deductions of “ straight” argument and simple syllogisms are analyzed here.

This paper concerns with a product of CIRCLES induced by the quaternionic product considered in a projective manner. Several properties of this composition law are derived and on this way we arrive at some special numbers as roots or powers of unit. We extend this product to cycles as oriented CIRCLES and to pairs of CIRCLES by using the algebra of octonions. Three applications of the given products are proposed.

Background: In the provision of medical facilities, intensive care units are very critical and it seems almost difficult to use the new therapeutic strategies without Intensive Care Unit (ICU). There are two types of ICU structure, known as the open or closed model. The aim of this study was to assess the variables driving the selection of the appropriate ICU management structure and modeling of the appropriate ICU management structure. Methods: This descriptive-exploratory study was performed among all resident doctors, consultants, therapists and neurosurgeons, ICU specialists, internal medicine specialists, respiratory diseases specialists, heads of associated units and head nurses, neurosurgery ICU workers and staff, and doctors of the Loghman Hakim Hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2018. The influence of independent variables on dependent variables and the effect of observed variables on latent variables were tested using the Structural Equation Technique (SEM technique) and the data collected in the LISREL program was analyzed. Results: This research included one hundred persons, including 91 men and 9 women. The factors affecting the performance and structure of the ICU were structural context (including open, semiclosed, and closed structure), organizational context, strategic context, treatment economics context, processes, and quality improvement. Conclusion: There is a good association between quality management and the application of the closed system of the ICU and each of the organizational, strategic, care economics, and processes factors.